Example of Application Letter

Batam, April 6th 2013

Attention to: Human Resources Department

Batam – Indonesia

Dear Sir/Madam

Having known about a job vacancy from my lecturer that your company is looking for employees to hold some position. Based on that information, I am interested in applying application for Staff of tax consultant according with my background educational as Accounting.

My name is Nurlaili, I am 21 years old. I have graduated from Accounting department Vocational High School No. 2 on 2010. Now, I am studying in University International of Batam and takes Accounting as my specialization.

I am willing to learn and work hard to develop my skill. I would like to add that I am able to work independently and in a team. I consider myself that I have qualifications as you want. Beside that, I have skill on computer and English.

For further consideration, I have enclosed:

1.      Curriculum Vitae

2.      Copy of ID Card

3.      Copy of Vocational High School Certificate

4.      Copy of last Academic Transcript

5.      Copy of Apprentice Certificate from Bank Riau

6.      Copy of Competence Certificate

7.      Recent photograph

I look forward to meeting you and encouraged to be intervied soon. I can be contacted most easily on the mobile phone number that I wrote on Curriculum Vitae. Finally, I greatly appreciate your consideration.

Sincerely

Nurlaili

Macam – macam Ekosistem

Secara garis besar ekosistem dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu ekosistem darat (terestrial) dan ekosistem perairan (akuatik).

Ekosistem Perairan

Meliputi ekosistem air tawar dan ekosistem air laut.

1.      Ekosistem air tawar

Danau

Danau – danau besar menampung sejumlah besar air tawar permukaan. Struktur danau pada umumnya mirip dengan struktur laut. Bagian dasar danau yang dangkal disebut dengan zona litoral, pada zona ini, tumbuhan air masih dapat tumbuh di dasar danau. Bagian danau yang erbuka disebut dengan zona limnetik. Selain dibagi secara horizontal, struktur danau juga dibagi secara vertical menjadi zona fotik dan afiotik. Cahaya matahari masih bisa berpenetrasi pada zona fotik. Sebaliknya, pada zona afotik, cahaya matahari sudah tidak bisa berpenetrasi.

Organisme di danau antara lain tumbuhan air dan ganggang yang bertindak sebagai organism fotosintetik. Selain itu, di danau juga terdapat zooplankton, berbagai jenis cacing kerang, dan ikan.

Lahan Basah

Lahan basah disebut juga wed land, adalah  satu daerah yang digenangi oleh air sehingga kondisinya menyokong untuk kehidupan berbagai jenis organism akuatik. Lahan basah bisa dibedakan menjadi rawa (marsh), rawa lumpur (swamp), dan tanah gambut (bog).

Rawa memiliki cirri yaitu tidak terdapat banyak pohon, airnya mengalir dengan kecepatan sedang, dan terhubung dengan danau atau aliran sungai. Rawa lumpur memiliki cirri, yaitu airnya hamper tidak mengalir sama sekali, pH air asam, dan miskin oksigen dan nitrogen.

Sungai

Sungai adalah badan airyang bergerak terus-menerus menuju satu arah. Struktur sungai bervariasi di sepanjang alirannya. Di bagian hulu, sungai cenderung sempit danberarus deras serta airnya terasa dingin. Sungai kemudian akan melebar dan arusnya melambat ketika bagian hilir. Air sungai di bagian  hilir pun terasa lebih hangat dibandingkan bagian hulu sungai.

Organisme fotosintetik jarang ditemukan pada sungai-sungai di bagian hulu. Materi organic yang ada di sungai bagian hulu berasal dari daun dan ranting dari tumbuhan yang ada di sisi sungai. Walaupun kandungan materi organiknya rendah, kadar oksigen di hulu sungai tinggi. Semakin menuju ke hilir, sungai akan semakin melebar dan arusnya semakin tenang. Kondisi arus sungai yang tenang lebih sesuai untuk pertumbuhan ganggang dan tumbuhan air. Oleh karenanya sungai di bagian hilir lebih tinggi kandungan materi organiknya. Namun, arus sungai yang tenang membuat kadar oksigen menjadi rendah. Ketika sungai bertemu lautan, maka akan  membentuk estuary. Pada estuary, air tawar akan bercampur dengan air asin.

2.      Ekosistem air laut

Zona intertidal

Area pasang surut air laut di sepanjang garis pantai disebut dengan zona intertidal. Pada saat pasang, zona intertidal akan tertutupi oleh air laut, sedangkan  pada saat  surut, zona ini akan  kering dan terpapar oleh udara terbuka. Pada zona ini, cahaya matahari cahaya bisa masuk hingga ke dasar perairan sehingga produktivitasorganisme fotosintetik di zona ini juga tinggi. Kandungan nutrisi di zona intertidal cenderung tinggi karena masuknya nutrisi dari estuary dan sungai.

Zona intertidal dapat berupa pantai berpasir, berbatu, atau berlumpur. Organisme yang hidup di zona intertidal harus mampu bertahan dari arus laut ketika periode pasang dan kekeringan ketika periode surut. Beberapa organisme beradaptasi dengan baik terhadap kekeringan ketika periode surut, tetapi ada juga organisme yang memilih  untuk masuk ke dalam lubang selama periode surut, misalnya kepiting,. Organism yang ada di zona interdal ini antara lain rumput laut, abalone, anemone, kepiting, ganggang hijau, kerang, timun laut, dan  bintang laut.

Zona Neritik

Zona neritik berada di antara zona intertidal dan zona pelagik. Kedalaman rata-rata zona laut dangkal ini adalah sekitar 200 m. dasar laut zona neritik cenderung melandai dibangdingkan zona pelagik. Pada umumnya, suhu dan salinitas air laut di zona neritik karena cahaya matahari bisa menembus hingga ke dasar laut.

Di wilayah tropis, zona neritik biasanya dihuni oleh terumbu  karang. Suhu air yang hangat serta adanya cahaya matahari, menjadikan wilayah tropis sebagai habitat yang  baik untuk terumbu karang. Keragaman organisme di terumbu karang denikian tinggi. Terumbu karang menjadi rumah bagi berbagai ikan tropis dan ikan karang seperti parrotfish, angelfish, dan butterflyfish. Lebih dari 4000 species ikan menghuni terumbu karang antara lain spoons, cnidaria, cacing, udang-udangan, molusca, binatang laut, bulu babi, dan ular laut.

Zona pelagik

Kedalaman rata-rata zona pelagik adalah 4000 m. sekitar 75% air laut berada  pada zona ini. Zona pelagik merupakan zona yang paling tidak produktif dibandingkan zona intertidal dan zona neritik. Walaupun cahaya matahari melimpah di zona fotik, tetapi kandungan nutrisi di zona pelagic demikian rendah. Ketiadaan cahaya matahari berarti tidak ada proses fotosintesis yang menyediakan energy bagi banyak organism. Jika terumbu  karang di zona terumbu karang di zona neritik diibaratkan sebagai hutan hujan tropis, maka zona pelagic bagaikan bioma gurun.

Organisme di zona afotik laut terbuka umumnya bergantung pada sampah organic yang tenggelam dari zona fotik. Sampah organik ini digunakan sebagai sumber materi organic bagi organisme di zona afotik. Organism di zona afotik laut terbuka hidup dengan cara menyaring makanan, memakan bangkai, atau memangsa organisme lainnya. Banyak invertebrata di laut terbuka yang mempunyai ukuran tubuh raksasa, contohnya cumi-cumi raksasa yang mempunyai panjang hingga mencapai 18 m. ikan yang hidup di laut yang lebih dalam beradaptasi dengan baik akan ketiadaan cahaya dan jaranganya makanan. Ikan di laut dalam akan  makan sebanyak mungkin ketika makanan tersedia.

Pada ekosistem air tawar memiliki ciri antara lain: variasi suhu rendah dan dipengauhi keadaan iklim dan cuaca. Berdasarkan intensitas cahaya matahari yang diterima, habitat air tawar dibedakan menjadi 3 daerah, yaitu :

• litoral, yaitu daerah dangkal sehingga memungkinkan cahaya matahari dapat mencapai dasar perairan. Bagian dasar danau yang dangkal dan tumbuhan air  asih dapat tumbuh  di dasar danau.
• Limnetik, yaitu daerah terbuka sampai kedalaman tertentu masih dapat ditembus cahaya.
• Profundal, yaitu daerah dasar perairan sehingga cahaya tidak mampu mencapai dasar perairan.

Berdasarkan keadaan airnya (aliran airnya), habitat air tawar dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu :

• Lotik, yaitu ekosistem air tawar yang keadaan airnya mengalir. Contoh : sungai, mata air, dan sebagainya .
• Lentik, yaitu ekosistem air yang keadaan airnya tenang. Contoh : kolam, waduk, dan sebagainya.

Pada ekosistem air laut memiliki ciri antara lain salinitasnya tinggi, tidak dipengaruhi variasi suhu dan iklim.

Berdasarkan intensitas cahaya matahari, habitat laut dibedakan :

• Daerah fotik (eutrofik), yaitu daerah yang masih ditembus cahaya.
• Daerah disfotik, yaitu daerah  yang sedikit cahaya (remang –remang)
• Daerah afotik, yaitu daerah yang tidak mendapat cahaya matahari.

Berdasarkan fisiknya (secara vertikal), daerah laut dibedakan :

• Daerah litoral, yaitu daerah yang dipengaruhi pasang surut (0 – 200 meter).
• Daerah batial, yaitu daerah yang kedalamannya antara 200 – 2000 meter.
• Daerah abisal, yaitu daerah yang kedalamannya antara 2000 – 4000 meter.
• Daerah hadal, yaitu daerah yang kedalamannya lebih dari 4000 meter.

Ekosistem Darat

Terdiri atas beberapa macam bioma antara lain bioma gurun, padang rumput, hutan hujan tropis, hutan gugur, taiga, dan tundra. Bioma adalah ekosistem darat yang khas pada wilayah tertentu dan dicirikan oleh jenis vegetasi yang dominan pada wilayah tersebut.

Gurun

Gurun merupakan daerah kering yang curah hujannya hanya 20 cm per tahun. Vegetasi dominan pembentuk bioma gurun adalah tumbuhan xerofit, yaitu tumbuhan yang mampu hidup pada lingkungan dengan sedikit air, contohnha kaktus. Adapun hewan yang hidup di bioma ini umumnya aktif pada malam hari atau nokturnal. Hal tersebut merupakan adaptasi terhadap suhu lingkungan yang sangat panas dan untuk mengurangi kehilangan cairan tubuh.

Rumput

Bioma ini memiliki karakteristik beriklim sedang, dengan curah hujan berkisar antara 50–75 per tahun dan vegetasi dominannya adalah rumput. Adapun hewan yang hidup di bioma ini adalah kelinci, serigala, burung hantu, badak, dan elang.

Tropis

Bioma hutan hujan tropis terdapat di kawasan garis khatulistiwa di seluruh dunia, seperti Asia tengah termasuk Indonesia, Amerika tengah dan selatan, Afrika, serta Australia. Hutan hujan tropis memiliki temperatur dengan kisaran 25°C per tahun dan curah hujan yang tinggi sekitar 200 cm per tahun.

Tumbuhan dan hewan yang hidup di bioma ini paling beragam (memiliki keanekaragaman paling tinggi) dibandingkan dengan tumbuhan dan hewan yang hidup di bioma-bioma lainnya. Tumbuhan yang khas yang hidup di bioma ini adalah tumbuhan liana (tumbuhan merambat) seperti rotan dan tumbuhan epifit seperti anggrek. Hewan yang khas di bioma ini adalah harimau, badak, babi hutan, dan orangutan.

Hutan Gugur temperata

Bioma hutan gugur terdapat di daerah beriklim sedang dan tersebar di Amerika Timur, Eropa Tengah, dan Asia Timur. Bioma ini memiliki ciri-ciri suhu yang sangat rendah pada musim dingin dan sangat panas pada musim panas (-30°C hingga 30°C). Curah hujan tinggi dan merata, serta jenis pohon yang dapat menggugurkan daunnya pada saat musim panas (pada hutan gugur daerah tropis) dan pada saat musim dingin (pada hutan gugur iklim sedang). Hewan yang hidup di bioma ini antara lain tikus, beruang, bajing dan burung. Beberapa hewan pada bioma ini dapat melakukan hibernasi, yaitu tidur panjang selama musim dingin dengan terlebih dahulu mengkonsumsi banyak makanan.

Taiga

Bioma taiga dikenal sebagai hutan konifer, merupakan bioma terluas di bumi. Bioma ini memiliki curah hujan 35 cm sampai dengan 40 cm per tahun. Daerah ini sangat basah karena penguapan yang rendah. Tanah di bioma taiga bersifat asam. Bioma taiga terdapat di daerah yang beriklim sedang, dengan curah hujan sekitar 100 cm per tahun. Terdapat di Amerika bagian utara dan selatan, Eropa bagian barat, dan Asia bagian timur. Tumbuhan yang hidup di bioma taiga umumnya konifer dan pinus. Hewan yang hidup di bioma ini di antaranya adalah rusa, beruang hitam, salamander, dan tupai.

Tundra

Bioma tundra terdapat di bumi bagian utara, yaitu di kutub utara yang memiliki curah hujan yang rendah. Oleh karena itu, hutan tidak dapat berkembang di daerah ini. Pada musim dingin, air dalam tanah dingin dan membeku sehingga tumbuhan tidak dapat tumbuh besar. Produsen utama di bioma ini adalah lichenes dan lumut. Binatang yang dapat ditemui di bioma ini, antara lain beruang kutub, reindeer (rusa kutub), serigala, dan burung-burung yang bermigrasi ketika musim-musim tertentu.

Tundra dapat dibagi menjadi 2 jenis, yaitu tundra artik dan tundra alpine. Tundra artik terletak di kutub utara dengan kondisi lingkungan menyerupai gurun, tetapi gurun dengan suhu lingkungan yang dingin. Tundra alpine terletak  di ketinggian gunung dimana pepohonan tidak dapat tumbuh.

Savana

Savana merupakan padang rumput yang didominasi oleh rumput dengan semak serta pohon yang terpencar. Savana memiliki curah hujan sekitar 90–150 cm per tahun. Hewan yang hidup di dalamnya, antara lain gajah, kuda, dan zarafah.

Ekosistem Buatan

Ekosistem buatan merupakan ekosistem yang diciptakan manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Ekosistem ini tidak terbentuk secara alami, tetapi dibuat oleh manusia untuk diambil manfaatnya. Contoh ekosistem buatan adalah sawah, waduk, tambak, perkebunan kopi, dan hutan tanaman produksi, seperti  jati dan karet.

Daftar Pustaka

http://aslam02.wordpress.com/materi/kelas-x-2/ekosistem/macam-ekosistem/

http://www.anneahira.com/ekosistem.htm

Miarsyah  Mike, Ernawati. Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam SMK IX. 2006.Jakarta : Erlangga.

SOAL LATIHAN – ERLANGGA

A.    Soal Kaji Ulang Hal 84

1.      Jelaskan proses pengolahan primer limbah cair !

Ø  Tahap pengolahan primer limbah cair sebagian besar adalah berupa proses pengolahan secara fisika.

§  Penyaringan (Screening)

Pertama, limbah yang mengalir melalui saluran pembuangan disaring menggunakan jeruji saring. Metode ini disebut penyaringan.  Metode penyaringan merupakan cara yang efisien dan murah untuk menyisihkan bahan-bahan padat berukuran besar dari air limbah.

§  Pengolahan Awal  (Pretreatment)

Kedua, limbah yang telah disaring kemudian disalurkan kesuatu tangki atau bak yang berfungsi untuk memisahkan pasir dan partikel padat teruspensi lain yang berukuran relatif besar. Tangki ini dalam bahasa inggris disebut grit chamber dan cara kerjanya adalah dengan memperlambat aliran limbah sehingga partikel – partikel pasir jatuh ke dasar tangki sementara air limbah terus dialirkan untuk proses selanjutnya.

§  Pengendapan

Setelah melalui tahap pengolahan awal, limbah cair akan dialirkan ke tangki atau bak pengendapan. Metode pengendapan adalah metode pengolahan utama dan yang paling banyak digunakan pada proses pengolahan primer limbah cair. Di    tangki pengendapan, limbah cair didiamkan agar partikel – partikel padat yang tersuspensi dalam air limbah dapat mengendap ke dasar tangki. Enadapn partikel tersebut akan membentuk lumpur yang kemudian akan dipisahkan dari air limbah ke saluran lain untuk diolah lebih lanjut. Selain metode pengendapan, dikenal juga metode pengapungan (Floation).

§  Pengapungan (Floation)

Metode ini efektif digunakan untuk menyingkirkan polutan berupa minyak atau lemak. Proses pengapungan dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat yang dapat menghasilkan gelembung- gelembung udara berukuran kecil (± 30 – 120 mikron). Gelembung udara tersebut akan membawa partikel –partikel minyak dan lemak ke permukaan air limbah sehingga kemudian dapat disingkirkan.  

Bila limbah cair hanya mengandung polutan yang telah dapat disingkirkan melalui proses pengolahan primer, maka limbah cair yang telah mengalami proses pengolahan primer tersebut dapat langsung dibuang kelingkungan (perairan). Namun, bila limbah tersebut juga mengandung polutan yang lain yang sulit dihilangkan melalui proses tersebut, misalnya agen penyebab penyakit atau senyawa organik dan anorganik terlarut, maka limbah tersebut perlu disalurkan ke proses pengolahan selanjutnya.

2.      Sebutkan tiga metode pengolahan sekunder limbah cair (metode biologis) !

Ø  Metode pengolahan sekunder limbah cair (metode biologis) adalah sebagai berikut :

§  Metode penyaringan dengan tetesan (trickling filter)

§  Metode lumpur aktif (activated sludge)

§  Metode kolam perlakuan (treatment ponds / lagoons)

3.      Hal apa saja yang perlu diperhatikan dalam proses desinfeksi ?

Ø  Dalam proses desinfeksi, terdapat beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan, yaitu :

§  Daya racun zat

§  Waktu kontak yang diperlukan

§  Efektivitas zat

§  Kadar dosis yang digunakan

§  Tidak boleh bersifat toksik terhadap manusia dan hewan

§  Tahan terhadap air

§  Biayanya murah

B.     Soal Kaji Ulang Hal 94

1.      Sebutkan dua cara penimbunan sampah dalam penanganan limbah padat !

Ø  Terdapat dua cara penimbunan sampah yang umum dikenal, yaitu metode penimbunan terbuka (open dumping) dan metode sanitary landfill.

2.      Apakah menurutmu Sanitary Landfill dapat mengatasi masalah limbah padat secara tuntas ?  Jelaskan jawabanmu !

Ø  Iya. Karena Pada metode sanitary landfill, sampah ditimbun dalam lubang yang dialasi iapisan lempung dan lembaran plastik untuk mencegah perembesan limbah ke tanah. Pada landfill yang lebih modern lagi, biasanya dibuat sistem Iapisan ganda (plastik – lempung – plastik – lempung) dan pipa-pipa saluran untuk mengumpulkan cairan serta gas metan yang terbentuk dari proses pembusukan sampah. Gas tersebut kemudian dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan listrik.

Jadi, Sanitary Landfill dapat mengatasi limbah padat dan tidak mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem lingkungan. Selain itu, dapat membantu menghasilkan listrik.

3.      Apa yang dimaksud dengan insinerasi ?

Ø  Insinerasi adalah pembakaran sampah/limbah padat menggunakan suatu alat yang disebut insinerator. Kelebihan dari proses insinerasi adalah volume sampah berkurang sangat banyak (bisa mencapai 90 %). Selain itu, proses insinerasi menghasilkan panas yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan listrik atau untuk pemanas ruangan.

4.      Jelaskan manfaat kompos bagi kesuburan tanah !

Ø  Kompos dapat memperbaiki struktur tanah dan menyediakan zat makanan yang diperlukan tumbuhan. Mikroba yang terkandung dalam kompos juga dapat membantu penyerapan zat makanan oleh tumbuhan.

5.      Sebutkan tiga contoh bahan yang dapat didaur ulang !

Ø  Contoh bahan yang dapat didaur ulang adalah Kertas, Kaca, Plastik Karet Logam (besi, baja, alumunium, dll)

C.     Soal Kaji Ulang Hal 98

1.      Apa yang dimaksud dengan proses desulfurisasi ?

Ø  Desulfurisasi adalah proses menghilangkan gas sulfur oksida dari udara.

2.      Jelaskan perbedaan antara alat pengendap siklon dengan alat pengendap sistem gravitasi !

Ø  Alat pengendap siklon memanfaatkan gaya sentrifugal sedangkan pengendap sistem gravitasi hanya mengandalkan gaya gravitasi. Ukuran partikel yang mampu diendapkan oleh pengendap siklon lebih kecil dari pengendap sistem gravitasi.

3.      Jelaskan prinsip kerja alat pengendap elektrostatik !

Ø   Alat pengendap elektrostatik menggunakan elektroda yang akan mengionisasi materi partikulat sehingga tertarik ke bawah sementara udara bersih dihembuskan ke luar alat pengendap.

D.    Soal Kaji Ulang Hal 101

1.      Jelaskan perbedaan antara bioremediasi dan fitoremediasi !

Ø  Bioremediasi menggunakan bakteri/mikroorganisme untuk mendegradasi/mengurai limbah B3, sedangkan fitoremediasi menggunakan tumbuhan untuk menyerap dan mengakumulasi bahan-bahan beracun dari tanah.

2.      Sebutkan tiga metode pembuangan B3 !

Ø  Metode pembuangan limbah B3 adalah sebagai berikut :

§  Sumur dalam/sumur injeksi (deep well injection)

§  Kolam penyimpanan (surface impoundments)

§  Secure landfill untuk limbah B3

3.      Apa kelemahan metode Secure Landfill untuk penanganan limbah B3 ?

Ø  Kelemahan metode secure landfill di antaranya adalah:

§  Biaya operasi tinggi

§  Mungkin mengalami kebocoran

§  Bukan solusi jangka panjang karena limbah terus menumpuk.

MATERI BAB 5-6 Bahasa Inggris Erlangga XI

Expression of Invitation

Sometimes, we have a situation and have to also invite some of friends to come. There are many situations that probably happened in our daily life, such as meeting, birthday party, graduation party etc. of course, we have to make an invitation for our guests. There will be two answers for them who are invited by us, they may come or accept the invitation and they may not come or decline the invitation. The situation will be divided into formal and informal. There is differences expression that  is  use in the different context of situation.

Expression to make, accept or decline invitiation

Formal Situation	Informal Situation
Making in vitiation § Would you like to…? § I would very happy if…? § We would be delighted if you…? § Would you care to..? § We would be pleased if you could…? § Would you care to…?	Making invitation § Why don’t you come to.. § Like to come to … § Come and … § Shall we come to … § You must come to … § Let’s go…
Accepting invitation § That’s very kind of you § We’d like very much to…. § What a delightful idea § With the greatest pleasure § Thank you very much for inviting me § It’s delightful to…. § With pleasure	Accepting invitation § I would/will … § That would be very nice § OK,I will be there ! § I’d like love to come. § All right. § Sure, I am coming
Declining invitation § I’m very sorry, I don’t § I’d like to, but …. § I’m afraid I’ve… § Already promised…. § Thank you for asking me, but …. § Unfortunately  , I can’t….	Declining invitation § Sort, I can’t. § I’d love to, but … § I don’t think I can. § In wish I could, but … § Sorry, I am very busy § Sorry, may be next time § Thank you, but I can’t § Sorry, I don’t think I § Can’t make it § I’m so sorry I can make it

Dialogue

Arif  : Hi, Tika.

Tika  : Hi, Arif. What’s up friend?

Arif  : Hmmm, are you doing anything for next week?

Tika  : Nothing. Why?

Arif  : Hmm, like you know, next week we will have summer vacation to Bali and I think that I need you to be my date. Would you mind to come along with me?

Tika  : Really? I’d love it so much.

Arif  : Well, I will pick you at 7 a.m next week at school.

Tika  : OK. Thanks Arif.

Arif  : You’re welcome. Bye Tika and see you next week.

Tika  : See you, too. Bye-bye.

1.      What does Arif ask Tika to do ?

2.      Does Tika accept the invitation ?

3.      Write the expression making invitation based on the dialogue !

4.      Write the expression respond invitation based on the dialogue

5.      A : Would you like to come to my party ?

B : . .  . (refuse)

a. With pleasure                            c. sure

b. That’s very kind of you                        d. I’m afraid I cant

Expression Bargaining

Bargaining or haggling is a type of negotiation in which the buyer and seller of a good or service dispute the price which will be paid and the exact nature of the transaction that will take place, and eventually come to an agreement.

  §  Asking about something we want to buy :

-          Do you have any shoes ?

-          Is there any sugar ?

  §  Asking about the price :

-          How much it is ?

-          What’s the price of this shoes ?

-          How much does it cost ?

  §  Asking about the size :

-          Do you have a large one ?

-          Can I get a small one ?

  §  Asking about the material :

-          What kind of material is this bag made of ?

-          What is it made of ?

  §  Asking about the method of payment :

-          Can  I pay for it by credit card ?

-          Do you take a credit card ?

-          Can I pay for it in cash ?

  §  Bargaining :

-          How about fifty thousand rupiahs ?

-          Can you make it twenty – two thousand rupiahs ?

-          Can you make it fifty persent off ?

  §  Respond :

-          Yes, here they are ?

-          It’s seventy – nine thousand rupiahs

-          Here is the small one

-          It’s made of leather

-          We take credit card

-          Sorry, we can’t give it to you. It’s a cotton one

Dialogue

Eli     : Good morning. What can I do for you ?

Nike : Morning. Do you have any bags ?

Eli     : Yes, here they are. Ate you can choose one of them.

Nike : I like this one. But, do you have a small one ?

           I think its too big for me.

Eli     : Yes, of course. I have. There are three size for this one.

Nike : What is made of ?

Eli     : It’s made of skins snake. High quality.

Nike : Yeah, I think its look elegant. Do you have the red one ?

Eli     : No, just black and brown.

Nike : How much is it ?

Eli     : $GD 350

Nike : How about $GD 300 ?

Eli     : Sorry, it’s too cheaper. It has a good quality.

Nike : How about $GD 330

Eli     : Yes, you can take it.

Nike : Do you take a credit card ?

Eli     : We take credit cards

Nike : Ok. Wrap it for me, please.

1.      Where does the dialog take plece ?

2.      What is Nike going to buy ?

3.      How much does it cost ?

4.      What does she think of the price ?

5.      Based on the dialog, how much should Nike pay for the item after she bargains ?

Expressing Preference

Expressing preference is used to express preference or option about something people like.

The sentence patterns, are :

       a.       S + like + noun + better than + noun

Example : my father likes peanut better than chocolate

                  He likes milk better than juice

Or

       b.      S + like + Ving + better than + Ving

Example : I like selling cake better than making cake

                  I like playing football better than swimming

    

       c.       S + prefer + noun + to + noun

Example : Rudy prefers apple to grapes

                  She prefers noodles to fried rice

Or

       d.      S + prefer + Ving + to + Ving

Example : Rudy prefers swimming to playing football

                  I prefer playing to staying at home

     

       e.       S + would rather + V1 + than + V1

Example : wenny would rather leave early than wait for him

                  I would rather go out than stay at home

       f.       S+ would prefer to + V1 + rather than + V1

Example : I would prefer to go shopping rather than stay at home

Dialogue

Eli        : I’m going to buy a novel. Do you want to come with me?

Davit   : I don’t read novel

Eli        : Why not ?

           Davit   : Because the story isn’t complete with picture and plot in novel too boring to me

           Eli        : Not bad. Novel can make you flows with the story and feel the character.

David  : I would rather comic

Eli        : that’s better than nothing., but you can try read a novel

Davit   : ok. I will try

Eli        : which do you like ? Naruto or Conan ?

Davit   : I like Naruto better than conan

Eli        : hahaa :D I like noruto too

1.      What is Eli going to buy ?

a. Newspaper                    c. Novel

b. Comic                          d. Dictionary

2.      Does Davit like read novel ?

3.      What does Davit prefer to do ?

a. Comic      b. Newspaper                  c. Novel     d. Dictionar

4.      A : Would you like coffe or tea ?

B : . . .

5.      A : . . .

B : I prefer studying English to math

Expressing certainty

Below are some expressions to ask about certainty :

§  Are you sure that uncle john is coming soon ?

§  Is it correct that her mother passed away ?

§  Do you  think that novia will be the winner ?

§  Do you believe that he is married ?

Some of the responses are :

§  Responses of certainty.

        -          Yes. I’m quite sure

        -          Yes. I’m certain

        -          Yes. I’m absolutely sure

        -          Yes. Of course

        -          Yes. Without a doubt

§  Responses of uncertainty.

        -          It’s  doubtful

        -          I doubt it

        -          I’m not really sure    

        -          I have my doubts

        -          Perhaps

        -          Possibly

Dialogue

Tom     : Look ! the sky is cloudy now. I’m sure, it is going to rain soon.

           Eli        : I don’t think so. Yesterday, the sky was dark and  it didn’t rain.

Tom     : But, today is going to rain. Look over there !

Eli        : Yes, you’re right. Today it is going to rain !

Tom     :Anyway , will you join the English club ?

Eli        : I don’t know. I’m not sure

Tom     : Why ?

           Eli        : Actually, I had enough money. But my sister was sick and my mother borrowed some of it.        As you know, my mother has been a single parents since a year ago.

           Tom     : I’m sorry to hear that. But would you like to borrow some money from me ?

Eli        : Is it all right ?

Tom     : Sure !

Eli         : Thank you, Tom. I will return it as soon as I have some money

Tom     : I trust you

1.      What does Eli think about the weather ?

2.      A : Are you sure you have submitted your homework ?

B : . . .

a. I don’t know what to say

b. I have to say that I disagree with that

c. I have no idea about that

d. I’m sure I have put it on your desk, mam.

3.      What is the weather like ?

4.      How does Tom offer to help Eli ?

5.      A : Do you  think that novia will be the winner ?

B : . . .

a. I disagree with that

b. I have no opinion

c. Yes, I think

d. That’s a good idea

Expression Compliment

Giving Complaiments

§  That’s a very nice …(dress)

§  Great job on the …(presentation).

§  You look very good in … (that new hair-do).

§  This dish is delicious, my compliments to the chef.

§  That … (tie) looks great on you.

Responses to compliments

§  How kind of you to say so

§  Thank you.

§  I’m glad you like it.

§  It was nothing really. (an expression of modesty and humility)

Learn the expressions used for giving compliments to others. Practice by saying them loudly.

§  Your performance on the stage is amazing.

§  How wonderful to listen to  your  great voice.

§  How mar vellous .

§  Great ! (You look great) / Great for  you.

§  Terrific ! (Hey, that’s terrific !)

§  Fantastic!

§  Smashing.

§  That’s really remarkable /well  done.

Now, learn the expressions  use for responding to compliments.

§  It’s very kind of you to say so.

§  Thank you.

§  I can say how pleased (delighted) I am.

§  I’m delighted  to hear  that.

§  Thank for your compliment.

Dialogue

Guest   : Good night, mam

Staff    : Good night

Guest   : That’s a very nice dress

Staff    : Thank you very much.

Guest   : What do you think about her voice ?

Staff    : How wonderful to listen to her great voice

Guest    : Yes, her voice is very nice and her performance on the stage is amazing

Staff     : And what about your voice. Your voice are great like her, aren’t you ?

Staff    : Thank you sir, how kind of you to say so.

1.      Staff          : What a beautiful dress, Mrs. Elliot

Guest         : . . .

a. Thanks, I’m glad you like it.     c. Yes, I think

b. Fantastic  !                                d. I disagree with that

2.      A   : Your English is very good.

B   : .  . .

a. How kind of you to say so        c. Thank you very much

b. Well done                                  d. That’s good idea

3.      Guest         : What do you think about her voice ?

Staff          :  . . .

4.      What is the topic based on the dialogue ?

5.      Does Staff compliment about performance the guest ?

Expression Asking And Giving Opinion

Opinion is including  the words of opinion and argument/ reasons.

Formal Situation	Informal Situation
Asking opinion § Have you got any comments on § Do you have any idea? § Do you have any opinion on . . . § Would you give me your opinion on…….? § What is your reaction to … § What is your opinion about….? § What are you feeling about….? § What are your views on…….? § Please give me your frank opinion ?	Asking Opinion § What do you think of…….? § What do you think about…? § What is your opinion? § Why do they behave like that? § Do you think it’s going? § How do you like? § How was the trip? § How do you think of Rina’s idea ? § How do you feel about this dicition ?
Giving opinion § I personally believe ….. § I personally consider …. § I personally think /feel …. § I hold the opinion …. § My own view of the matter is ... § Well, personally ……. § If I had my view, I would …..	Giving opinion § I think I like it. § I don’t think I care for it. § I think it’s good/nice/terrific.. § I think that awful/not nice/terrible…… § I don’t think much of it. § I think that…….. § In my opinion, I would rather… § In my case ….. § What I’m more concerned with …. § What I have in my mind is… § The way I see is that…… § No everyone will agree with me, but …. § To my mind ….. § From my point of view … § If you aks me, I feel … § Absolutely ………

Dialogue

Ani : Eli, what are you doing ?

Eli  : I’m writing a proposal for our holiday.

Ani : Where we will go ?

Eli  : I think Singapore is the nice place

Ani : I don’t think so. In my opinion, Malaysia is more interesting.

Eli  : I’m afraid. I disagree with you. In Singapore we can visit the Singapore Flyer, Universal Studio, China Town and so many wonderful place.

Ani : But, don’t you know ? Malaysia has some interesting place. You can enjoy view of Langkawi Island by Sky Way or Cable Car, or visit the Las Vegas of Malaysia “Genting Highland” and Batu Caves.

Eli : But in Singapore we can visit Underwater World

Ani :We can find it too in Malaysia there is a waterworld in Langkawi.

Eli  : Are you sure it’s more interesting ?

Ani : Yes, of course. Trust me, it wouldn’t disappointed.

Eli : Ok. I will make our destination this year is Malaysia.

1.      What will Ani and Eli do in holiday ?

2.      Mention some interesting places in Malaysia based on the dialog !

3.      Write the expression giving opinion based on the dialogue !

4.      What do you thimk of ................. ?

a. Play tennis                     b. Go jogging

c. Going to the beach        d. Swim

5.      Eric : I think our city is very hot at the moment.

Eric : I don’t think so ................ Our city is much cooler than other cities in this country.

a. I know it                        c. He forget it

b. I am thinking of                        d. In my opinion

Expression Agreement and Disagreement

Agreement	Disagreement
§  I agree §  I am with you §  I think so  §  It certainly is §  That is what I was thinking §  I am of the same opinion §  Yes, that’s what I have been thinking §  I do agree with you §  That’s good idea §  I don’t have any objections with that	§  I disagree  §  I am not with you §  I can agree with… §  I can’t be along with you §  I wouldn’t say that §  I don’t think so  §  I don’t entirely agree with … §  I see what you mean, but … §  I agree, but …… §  Yes, but on the other hand… §  Yes, but don’t you think …..

Dialogue

Ethan   : Hy Eli

Eli        : Hy Ethan. What are you doing here ?

Ethan   : I’m reading novel.

Eli        : What is the title ? may be I know that

Ethan   : This is Fairis, created by Esti Kinasih. Did you read this novel before ?

Eli        : Yes, I did. I like the plot of story in this novel. Which do you like ? Davi or Alfa ?

Ethan   : I think I choose Alfa, because he is humoris and a good boy. How  about with you ?

Eli        : I disagree with you. I more interesting to Davi. He is not only hansome but also smart and doesn’t  like we think, very mysterious.

Ethan   : Alfa also good looking. But we didn’t mind.

Eli        : Did you know Luna Torasingu ?

Ethan   : Yes, I know. He is writer. I was read Her novel, and not bad.

Eli        : Do you think the novelis Indonesia has a good talent ?

Ethan   : Yes, That is what I was thinking

1.      What is topic that Eli and Ethan talking about ?

a. Novel                             c. Comic

b. Boy friend                     d. novelis

2.      Does Eli agree with Ethan ?

3.      A : I think Singapore is the nice place

B: . . . But Malaysia more interesting than Singapore.

a. I disagree                       c. I agree

b. I don’t think so             d. thank you

4.      Write 5 expression disagreement !

5.      Choose the expresson agreement !

a. I disagree with you

b. I don’t think so

c. I agree. But Bali more interesting

d. I don’t have any objections with that

Describing a Process or Procedures

Describing a process or procedures means writing about how something is made or how something happens. Examples: the rainwater cycle, how coffee is grown, how glass is made, getting a driving license, starting a business.

When you explain the step-by-step order of how things happen or how things get done, you are describing a process - how to get a visa, how to mend a puncture, how to make coffee, how glass is made.

1.      Make a rough list of the steps in the right order

2.      Start with an introductory sentence or two about the process - how important it is, how simple it is, etc.  

* In this essay, I will describe how paper is made.

* I will now explain how a photocopier works.

* Building a road is a long process, but it can be divided into four main stages.

3.      Use sequence words - first, next, after that, before, then, finally,

*The first stage in making glass is … In this stage, the sand is cleaned and weighed…Next….After that….In the final stage, the glass is….

4.      Finish with a concluding sentence or two.   

 * As you can see, paper manufacture is a difficult process. If you follow the steps described then you will be successful.

 * As I have described, there are many steps involved in supplying water to a city. By using the step by step approach outlined above you can make sure of a sfe supply.

5.      Use the correct voice - passive or active. Read the instructions carefully.

Active	Passive
The farmer sends the milk to the factory	The milk is sent to the factory.
Place the container on the mat.	The container should be placed on a mat.

      Example:

These steps use the active voice, or imperative.

Popcorn

Popcorn is something you often eat when you watch a movie at a cinema. It is very easy to make perfect popcorn if follow the correct procedure.

First, put three tablespoons of oil in a large pot. Then, heat the oil on a high flame until one kernel of popcorn pops when you drop it into the hot oil. Now, pour a quarter cup of popcorn into the pot and cover the pot with a lid. Reduce the flame and gently shake the pot. Continue shaking until the corn has popped. Finally, empty the popcorn into a large bowl and add melted butter and salt.

As you can see making popcorn is very simple if you follow the steps above. Enjoy your movie!

These steps use the passive voice.

Want Coffee?

Coffee is a very popular drink around the world. People drink it at all times of the day. There are several kinds of coffee, but I am now going to describe how instant coffee is produced.

First, the coffee beans are picked from the trees and dried in the sun. Then, the beans are roasted and then cooled rapidly before being ground. The beans are then mixed with hot water and the mixture is strained before it is frozen. Finally, the frozen mixture is ground and then dried in a vacuum before it is packed into jars. The coffee is now ready to be sold in shops.

Instant coffee is not quite as good as real coffee, but it is very popular and saves a lot of time. The manufacturers have done most of the steps for us!

Pineapple with caramel sauce

§  First, peel the pineapple and coat the sugar.

§  Next, heat the butter in a frying pan and turn the pineapple for 5 minutes on each side.

§  Then, add some cream, bring to the boil, and stie well.

§  After that, add the apple juice to the pan, add to the boil, and cook until there is very little left.

§  Finally, pour the sauce over the pineapple and serve.

1.      What is the main ingredient of the recipe ?

2.      What should we do after adding the cream  ?

a. pour the sauce over the pineapple and serve.

b. add the apple juice to the pan, add to the boil, and cook until there is very little left.

c. peel the pineapple and coat the sugar

d. heat the butter in a frying pan

3.      What is the first step to make Pineapple with caramel sauce ?

4.      How long should we fry the pineapple ?

a. 3 minutes                       c. 4 minutes

b. 5 minutes                       d. 6 minutes

5.      What is the mixture of the sauce ?

Giving Advice and Suggestions

Asking  Giving  What do you recomend we do about ... ?  I would recommend that you ...  Waht would you advice us to do?  My advice would be to ...  Do you have any suggestions?  May I suggest that we ...  What would you do about ...?  If I were you, I would ...  Why don’t you . . I advice you to … Perhaps you could … If I were you, I would … I advice you to… I suggest you to … You had better …

Accepting advice  Rejecting advice  Yes, I agree with that.  I'm sorry, i can't agree with that.  That sounds like a good idea!  I don't think that's a good idea.  OK, why don't we do that.  I don't think we should do that.  That's very interesting.  That's very interesting, but ...  Thank you for your advice That would be nice I would rather not, if you don’t mind That seems all night

Mr.adhi is complaining about his headache and Nurse Widhi is giving her advice.

Nurse Widhi    : Good morning Mr. Adhi, introduce my name nurse Widhi,

Mr Adhi          : Good morning Nurse Widhi, I’m fine.

Nurse Widhi    : Apparently you’re thinking about something? If I may know what you think?

Mr. Adhi         : I’m afraid my headaches will be getting worse, nurse.

Nurse Adhi     : Have you taken your medicine?

Mr. Adhi         : No, I haven’t. because I have not had breakfast, nurse.

Nurse Widhi  : You should immediately eat breakfast, so you can take medication, by taking medicine regularly, I’m sure you will be better soon.

Mr. Adhi         : Ok, I will do it now, thanks for you suggestion.

Nurse Widhi    : You are welcome, later today I will be back again to see your condition. The next time you need help just find me in a nursing.

Mr. Adhi: Ok. Nurse Widhi

Promptly at 1:00 pm, room nurse Widhi come to Mr. Adhi to see the condition of Mr. Adhi

Nurse Widhi    : Excuse me Mr. Adhi, may I come in?

Mr. Adhi         : Yes, please.

Nurse Widhi    : You can rest?

Mr. Adhi         : Yes Nurse

Nurse Widhi    : Nothing you complaining now?

Mr. Adhi         : No sisters, I feel better now

Nurse Widhi    : Ok, my suggestion is always keep your condition, regular eating and restsufficiently

Mr. Adhi         : Well my sisters would implement suggestions, thanks for the advice.

Nurse Widhi    : you are welcome, happy to rest and get well

1.      What did Nurse suggest to adhi ?

2.      What happened to adhi headaches ?

3.      Mention some expressions which are used in asking for ang giving suggestion !

Expressing Necessity and Obligation

 Some expressions  commonly used to express obligations are as follows:

§  I must try it again

§  Do you have to go now ? yes, I do

§  I have to keep it

§  You have to come on time

§  It is necessary for us to be there

But, if you think it is not a necessary think, you can say :

§  You don’t have to go now

§  He doesn’t have to do it

§  You don’t need to go to school because it’s a holiday

§  It is not necessary for us to go now

a.       Positive Obligations

           1.      S +must+verb

           Example: I must save my money.

           2.      S+have/has to+verb

           Examples:You have to come on time.

    He has to meet the manager at 7 a.m.

           3.      S+need to+verb

           Examples: I need to visit the landslide victims

      He needs to look at the map.

b.      Negative Obligation.

S+must not+ verb

Example: You must not smoke here.

c.       No Obligation

           1.      S+don’t have+verb

           Example: You don’t have to go to school because it’s a holiday.

           2.      S+don’t need to+verb

            Example: You don’t need to do it.

d.      Past Obligation

S+had to+verb

Example: I had to take part in the meeting last night.

1.      He _____ go to sleep yet.

a. must                         c. doesn't have got to

b. doesn't must                        d. doesn't have to

2.      We ___ see as many sites as we can on this trip!

a. have to                     c. don't must to

b. must not have to     d. have got not to

3.      She ____ call after 10pm.

a. has not got to          c. must not

b. must have                d. have to

4.      You and I ___ make it to school on time!

a. has to                       c. have to

b. have not                  d. don't must to

5.      Do ____ stop?

a. we must                   c. we have got to

b. we have to               d. we have not

Expressions of Convincing and Persuading people

The verbs ‘convince’ and ‘persuade’ are very similar in meaning, but there is a difference in how we use them.

After ‘persuade’ we use the structure
to + infinitive:

• I persuaded them to stay for another drink.
• He persuaded her not to take the job.

After ‘convince’ we cannot use a verb infinitive. We say ‘convince someone that‘:

   §  She convinced the police that she was telling the truth.

   §  He convinced her that it was the right thing to do.

Both of the above sentence would also be correct without ‘that’:

   §  She convinced the police she was telling the truth.

   §  He convinced her it was the right thing to do.

1.      I'm not  (persuaded/convinced)  that moving to London is a good idea. 

2.       My parents (persuaded/convinced)  me to study German, even though I was against it at first.

3.       My trip to Austria and Switzerland (persuaded/convinced)  me that German was a useful language to know. 

4.       Steven (persuaded/convinced) his boss to give him time off at Easter.

5.       My sister persuaded me (not to buy/to not buy/ not buying)  a car by arguing that it was unnecessary and that cycling was much healthier.